# Multiphase Mixture Model (MMM)

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 Revision as of 19:53, 23 July 2010 (view source)← Older edit Current revision as of 20:50, 23 July 2010 (view source) (2 intermediate revisions not shown) Line 4: Line 4:
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left[ \varepsilon \left( {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}} \right) \right]+\nabla \cdot \left[ \varepsilon \left( {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \right]=0 \qquad \qquad(1)$
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left[ \varepsilon \left( {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}} \right) \right]+\nabla \cdot \left[ \varepsilon \left( {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \right]=0 \qquad \qquad(1)$
- (4.279) Defining mixture density and the mixture velocity Defining mixture density and the mixture velocity
$\bar{\rho }={{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}} \qquad \qquad(2)$
$\bar{\rho }={{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}} \qquad \qquad(2)$
- (4.280)
$\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}=\varepsilon {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+\varepsilon {{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \qquad \qquad(3)$
$\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}=\varepsilon {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+\varepsilon {{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \qquad \qquad(3)$
- (4.281) the continuity equation can be rewritten as the continuity equation can be rewritten as
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left( \varepsilon \bar{\rho } \right)+\nabla \cdot \left( \bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}} \right)=0 \qquad \qquad(4)$
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left( \varepsilon \bar{\rho } \right)+\nabla \cdot \left( \bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}} \right)=0 \qquad \qquad(4)$
- (4.282) The momentum equation can be summed over both phases. The momentum equation can be summed over both phases.
$\varepsilon {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+\varepsilon {{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}}=-K\left[ \frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}\left( \nabla {{p}_{k}}-{{\rho }_{k}}\mathbf{g} \right)+\frac{{{K}_{rj}}}{{{\nu }_{j}}}\left( \nabla {{p}_{j}}-{{\rho }_{j}}\mathbf{g} \right) \right] \qquad \qquad(5)$
$\varepsilon {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+\varepsilon {{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}}=-K\left[ \frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}\left( \nabla {{p}_{k}}-{{\rho }_{k}}\mathbf{g} \right)+\frac{{{K}_{rj}}}{{{\nu }_{j}}}\left( \nabla {{p}_{j}}-{{\rho }_{j}}\mathbf{g} \right) \right] \qquad \qquad(5)$
- (4.283) A capillary pressure that relates the pressure in phase ''k'' to the pressure in phase ''j'' is introduced: A capillary pressure that relates the pressure in phase ''k'' to the pressure in phase ''j'' is introduced:
${{p}_{c}}={{p}_{j}}-{{p}_{k}} \qquad \qquad(6)$
${{p}_{c}}={{p}_{j}}-{{p}_{k}} \qquad \qquad(6)$
- (4.284) The capillary pressure is often expressed as the Leverette function [[#References|(Leverette, 1940)]].  This function relates the capillary pressure to the wetting phase saturation, The capillary pressure is often expressed as the Leverette function [[#References|(Leverette, 1940)]].  This function relates the capillary pressure to the wetting phase saturation, Line 44: Line 38:
${{p}_{c}}=\sigma \cos \theta {{\left( \frac{\varepsilon }{K} \right)}^{1/2}}\left[ 1.417\left( 1-{{s}_{w}} \right)-2.120{{\left( 1-{{s}_{w}} \right)}^{2}}+1.263{{\left( 1-{{s}_{w}} \right)}^{3}} \right] \qquad \qquad(7)$
${{p}_{c}}=\sigma \cos \theta {{\left( \frac{\varepsilon }{K} \right)}^{1/2}}\left[ 1.417\left( 1-{{s}_{w}} \right)-2.120{{\left( 1-{{s}_{w}} \right)}^{2}}+1.263{{\left( 1-{{s}_{w}} \right)}^{3}} \right] \qquad \qquad(7)$
- (4.285) This function was developed to describe the capillary pressure in soils engineering; however, its use has been extended to other technology such as fuel cells.  The reason for the over usage of the Leverette function is the lack of functions to describe the capillary pressure for other types of porous media.  With the definition of the mixture velocity and the capillary pressure, the mixture momentum equation can be rewritten as: This function was developed to describe the capillary pressure in soils engineering; however, its use has been extended to other technology such as fuel cells.  The reason for the over usage of the Leverette function is the lack of functions to describe the capillary pressure for other types of porous media.  With the definition of the mixture velocity and the capillary pressure, the mixture momentum equation can be rewritten as:
$\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}=-K\left[ \left( \frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}+\frac{{{K}_{rj}}}{{{\nu }_{j}}} \right)\nabla {{p}_{j}}-\frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}\nabla {{p}_{c}}-\left( \frac{{{\rho }_{k}}{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}+\frac{{{\rho }_{j}}{{K}_{rj}}}{{{\nu }_{j}}} \right)\mathbf{g} \right] \qquad \qquad(8)$
$\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}=-K\left[ \left( \frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}+\frac{{{K}_{rj}}}{{{\nu }_{j}}} \right)\nabla {{p}_{j}}-\frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}\nabla {{p}_{c}}-\left( \frac{{{\rho }_{k}}{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}+\frac{{{\rho }_{j}}{{K}_{rj}}}{{{\nu }_{j}}} \right)\mathbf{g} \right] \qquad \qquad(8)$
- (4.286) Note that the capillary pressure gradient can be reduced into its relative components. Note that the capillary pressure gradient can be reduced into its relative components.
$\nabla {{p}_{c}}=\frac{\partial {{p}_{c}}}{\partial {{s}_{k}}}\nabla {{s}_{k}}+\frac{\partial {{p}_{c}}}{\partial {{\sigma }_{jk}}}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N-1}{\frac{\partial {{\sigma }_{jk}}}{\partial {{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}}\nabla {{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}}+\frac{\partial {{p}_{c}}}{\partial {{\sigma }_{jk}}}\frac{\partial {{\sigma }_{jk}}}{\partial T}\nabla T \qquad \qquad(9)$
$\nabla {{p}_{c}}=\frac{\partial {{p}_{c}}}{\partial {{s}_{k}}}\nabla {{s}_{k}}+\frac{\partial {{p}_{c}}}{\partial {{\sigma }_{jk}}}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N-1}{\frac{\partial {{\sigma }_{jk}}}{\partial {{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}}\nabla {{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}}+\frac{\partial {{p}_{c}}}{\partial {{\sigma }_{jk}}}\frac{\partial {{\sigma }_{jk}}}{\partial T}\nabla T \qquad \qquad(9)$
- (4.287) Now the mixture kinematic viscosity, Now the mixture kinematic viscosity, Line 63: Line 54:
$\bar{\nu }={{\left( \frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}+\frac{{{K}_{rj}}}{{{\nu }_{j}}} \right)}^{-1}} \qquad \qquad(10)$
$\bar{\nu }={{\left( \frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}+\frac{{{K}_{rj}}}{{{\nu }_{j}}} \right)}^{-1}} \qquad \qquad(10)$
- (4.288)
${{\lambda }_{k}}=\frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}\bar{\nu } \qquad \qquad(11)$
${{\lambda }_{k}}=\frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}\bar{\nu } \qquad \qquad(11)$
- (4.289) The momentum equation, eq. (8), can be rewritten as: The momentum equation, eq. (8), can be rewritten as:
$\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}=-\frac{K}{{\bar{\nu }}}\left[ \nabla {{p}_{j}}-{{\lambda }_{k}}\nabla {{p}_{c}}-\left( {{\lambda }_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}+{{\lambda }_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}} \right)\mathbf{g} \right] \qquad \qquad(12)$
$\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}=-\frac{K}{{\bar{\nu }}}\left[ \nabla {{p}_{j}}-{{\lambda }_{k}}\nabla {{p}_{c}}-\left( {{\lambda }_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}+{{\lambda }_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}} \right)\mathbf{g} \right] \qquad \qquad(12)$
- (4.290) A definition of the mixture pressure is introduced so that: A definition of the mixture pressure is introduced so that:
$\nabla \bar{p}=\nabla {{p}_{j}}-{{\lambda }_{k}}\nabla {{p}_{c}} \qquad \qquad(13)$
$\nabla \bar{p}=\nabla {{p}_{j}}-{{\lambda }_{k}}\nabla {{p}_{c}} \qquad \qquad(13)$
- (4.291) A density correction factor, A density correction factor, Line 83: Line 70:
${{\gamma }_{\rho }}=\frac{1}{{\bar{\rho }}}\left( {{\rho }_{k}}{{\lambda }_{k}}+{{\rho }_{j}}{{\lambda }_{j}} \right) \qquad \qquad(14)$
${{\gamma }_{\rho }}=\frac{1}{{\bar{\rho }}}\left( {{\rho }_{k}}{{\lambda }_{k}}+{{\rho }_{j}}{{\lambda }_{j}} \right) \qquad \qquad(14)$
- (4.292) The momentum equation (12) can be written in the form The momentum equation (12) can be written in the form
$\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}=-\frac{K}{{\bar{\nu }}}\left[ \nabla \bar{p}-{{\gamma }_{\rho }}\rho \mathbf{g} \right] \qquad \qquad(15)$
$\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}=-\frac{K}{{\bar{\nu }}}\left[ \nabla \bar{p}-{{\gamma }_{\rho }}\rho \mathbf{g} \right] \qquad \qquad(15)$
- (4.293) In order to simplify the MMM derivation for the species and energy equations, a diffusive phase-mass flux is introduced. This term is analogous to the diffusion mass flux in multicomponent mixtures, but refers to each phase, rather than each component in a phase.  This value relates the actual mass flux of phase k to the mixture mass flux. In order to simplify the MMM derivation for the species and energy equations, a diffusive phase-mass flux is introduced. This term is analogous to the diffusion mass flux in multicomponent mixtures, but refers to each phase, rather than each component in a phase.  This value relates the actual mass flux of phase k to the mixture mass flux.
${{\mathbf{j}}_{k}}=\varepsilon {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}-{{\lambda }_{k}}\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}} \qquad \qquad(16)$
${{\mathbf{j}}_{k}}=\varepsilon {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}-{{\lambda }_{k}}\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}} \qquad \qquad(16)$
- (4.294) From this relation, it can be shown that the diffusive phase-mass flux is: From this relation, it can be shown that the diffusive phase-mass flux is:
${{\mathbf{j}}_{k}}=-{{\mathbf{j}}_{j}}=\frac{{{\lambda }_{k}}{{\lambda }_{j}}}{{\bar{\nu }}}\left[ K\nabla {{p}_{c}}+\left( {{\rho }_{k}}-{{\rho }_{j}} \right)\mathbf{g} \right] \qquad \qquad(17)$
${{\mathbf{j}}_{k}}=-{{\mathbf{j}}_{j}}=\frac{{{\lambda }_{k}}{{\lambda }_{j}}}{{\bar{\nu }}}\left[ K\nabla {{p}_{c}}+\left( {{\rho }_{k}}-{{\rho }_{j}} \right)\mathbf{g} \right] \qquad \qquad(17)$
- (4.295) This relation will be useful, and will be used henceforth.  The mixture species equation for species ''i'' is obtained by adding the species ''i'' equation for phase ''k'' and phase ''j''. This relation will be useful, and will be used henceforth.  The mixture species equation for species ''i'' is obtained by adding the species ''i'' equation for phase ''k'' and phase ''j''. Line 106: Line 89: & =-\nabla \cdot \left\langle {{\mathbf{J}}_{k,i}}+{{\mathbf{J}}_{j,i}} \right\rangle +{{{{\dot{m}}'''}}_{k,i}}+{{{{\dot{m}}'''}}_{j,i}} \\ & =-\nabla \cdot \left\langle {{\mathbf{J}}_{k,i}}+{{\mathbf{J}}_{j,i}} \right\rangle +{{{{\dot{m}}'''}}_{k,i}}+{{{{\dot{m}}'''}}_{j,i}} \\ \end{align} \qquad \qquad(18) [/itex] \end{align} \qquad \qquad(18) [/itex] - (4.296) - From eq. (18) from [[Multi-Fluid Model (MFM)]], the summation of the species production over all the phases is the species production due to chemical reaction.  The mixture mass fraction is: + From eq. (18) from [[Multi-Fluid Model (MFM)]] $\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\Pi }{{{{{\dot{m}}'''}}_{k,i}}}={{{\dot{m}}'''}_{i}}$, the summation of the species production over all the phases is the species production due to chemical reaction.  The mixture mass fraction is:
$\bar{\rho }{{\bar{\omega }}_{i}}={{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \qquad \qquad(19)$
$\bar{\rho }{{\bar{\omega }}_{i}}={{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \qquad \qquad(19)$
- (4.297) The correction factor for species advection, The correction factor for species advection, Line 118: Line 99:
${{\gamma }_{i}}=\frac{1}{{{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}}}\left( {{\lambda }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{\lambda }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \qquad \qquad(20)$
${{\gamma }_{i}}=\frac{1}{{{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}}}\left( {{\lambda }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{\lambda }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \qquad \qquad(20)$
- (4.298) The mixture species equation is: The mixture species equation is: Line 126: Line 106: & =-\nabla \cdot \left\langle {{\mathbf{J}}_{k,i}}+{{\mathbf{J}}_{j,i}} \right\rangle -\nabla \cdot \left( {{\mathbf{j}}_{k}}\left( {{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}-{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \right)+{{{{\dot{m}}'''}}_{i}} \\ & =-\nabla \cdot \left\langle {{\mathbf{J}}_{k,i}}+{{\mathbf{J}}_{j,i}} \right\rangle -\nabla \cdot \left( {{\mathbf{j}}_{k}}\left( {{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}-{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \right)+{{{{\dot{m}}'''}}_{i}} \\ \end{align} \qquad \qquad(21) [/itex] \end{align} \qquad \qquad(21) [/itex] - (4.299) It should be noted that eqs. (4), (15), and (21) are also applicable to multiphase and not necessary to two-phase as developed here. It should be noted that eqs. (4), (15), and (21) are also applicable to multiphase and not necessary to two-phase as developed here. Line 133: Line 112:
$\left( {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}} \right){{\bar{\omega }}_{i}}={{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \qquad \qquad(22)$
$\left( {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}} \right){{\bar{\omega }}_{i}}={{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \qquad \qquad(22)$
- (4.300) Since there are two phases presented, the phase saturations add to unity.  Therefore, the phase saturation of phase ''k'' can be calculated by: Since there are two phases presented, the phase saturations add to unity.  Therefore, the phase saturation of phase ''k'' can be calculated by:
${{s}_{k}}=\frac{{{\rho }_{j}}\left( {{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}}-{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right)}{{{\rho }_{k}}\left( {{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}}-{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}} \right)+{{\rho }_{j}}\left( {{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}-{{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}} \right)} \qquad \qquad(23)$
${{s}_{k}}=\frac{{{\rho }_{j}}\left( {{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}}-{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right)}{{{\rho }_{k}}\left( {{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}}-{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}} \right)+{{\rho }_{j}}\left( {{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}-{{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}} \right)} \qquad \qquad(23)$
- (4.301) It is important to note that when the saturation of phase k is calculated in this manner, one phase continuity equation is not solved; instead, all ''N'' species equations are solved.  For more discussion on this approach to the calculation of the phase saturation, refer to the comparison of MFM and MMM models below. It is important to note that when the saturation of phase k is calculated in this manner, one phase continuity equation is not solved; instead, all ''N'' species equations are solved.  For more discussion on this approach to the calculation of the phase saturation, refer to the comparison of MFM and MMM models below. Line 148: Line 125: & \nabla \cdot \left( \varepsilon \left[ {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right] \right)=-\nabla \cdot \left\langle {{{\mathbf{{q}''}}}_{k,i}}+{{{\mathbf{{q}''}}}_{j,i}}+{{{\mathbf{{q}''}}}_{sm,i}} \right\rangle +{{{{\dot{q}}'''}}_{E}} \\ & \nabla \cdot \left( \varepsilon \left[ {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right] \right)=-\nabla \cdot \left\langle {{{\mathbf{{q}''}}}_{k,i}}+{{{\mathbf{{q}''}}}_{j,i}}+{{{\mathbf{{q}''}}}_{sm,i}} \right\rangle +{{{{\dot{q}}'''}}_{E}} \\ \end{align} \qquad \qquad(24) [/itex] \end{align} \qquad \qquad(24) [/itex] - (4.302) The external heat generation is represented by The external heat generation is represented by Line 155: Line 131:
$\bar{\rho }\bar{h}={{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \qquad \qquad(25)$
$\bar{\rho }\bar{h}={{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \qquad \qquad(25)$
- (4.303) The correction factor for energy advection, The correction factor for energy advection, Line 162: Line 137:
${{\gamma }_{h}}=\frac{1}{{\bar{h}}}\left( {{\lambda }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{\lambda }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \qquad \qquad(26)$
${{\gamma }_{h}}=\frac{1}{{\bar{h}}}\left( {{\lambda }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{\lambda }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \qquad \qquad(26)$
- (4.304) An assumption that corresponds with the mixture enthalpy is that each phase is in thermodynamic equilibrium, An assumption that corresponds with the mixture enthalpy is that each phase is in thermodynamic equilibrium, Line 172: Line 146: & \nabla \cdot \left( {{k}_{eff}}\nabla T \right)-\nabla \cdot \left( {{\mathbf{j}}_{k}}\left( {{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}-{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \right)+{{{{\dot{q}}'''}}_{E}} \\ & \nabla \cdot \left( {{k}_{eff}}\nabla T \right)-\nabla \cdot \left( {{\mathbf{j}}_{k}}\left( {{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}-{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \right)+{{{{\dot{q}}'''}}_{E}} \\ \end{align} \qquad \qquad(27) [/itex] \end{align} \qquad \qquad(27) [/itex] - (4.305) where the effective thermal conductivity is related to the phase saturation, porosity, geometry of the porous medium (tortuosity, where the effective thermal conductivity is related to the phase saturation, porosity, geometry of the porous medium (tortuosity, Line 184: Line 157: ==References== ==References== + Leverette, M.C., 1940, “Capillary Behavior in Porous Solids,” ''Transaction of AIME'', Vol. 142, pp. 152-169. + + Wang, C.Y. and Cheng, P., 1996, “A Multiphase Mixture Model for Multiphase Multicomponent Transport in Capillary Porous Media Part I: Model Development,” ''International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer'', Vol. 39, pp. 3607-3618. ==Further Reading== ==Further Reading== ==External Links== ==External Links==

## Current revision as of 20:50, 23 July 2010

The general procedure to relate the MFM to the MMM is to sum each equation over all of the phases. The introductions of the mass-averaged density and velocity, as well as the relative mobility, are given where appropriate. The MMM was initially developed by Wang and Cheng (1996) and was applied to model multiphase flow in fuel cells.

The continuity equation summed over two phases, k and j, is:

$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left[ \varepsilon \left( {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}} \right) \right]+\nabla \cdot \left[ \varepsilon \left( {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \right]=0 \qquad \qquad(1)$

Defining mixture density and the mixture velocity

$\bar{\rho }={{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}} \qquad \qquad(2)$
$\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}=\varepsilon {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+\varepsilon {{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \qquad \qquad(3)$

the continuity equation can be rewritten as

$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left( \varepsilon \bar{\rho } \right)+\nabla \cdot \left( \bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}} \right)=0 \qquad \qquad(4)$

The momentum equation can be summed over both phases.

$\varepsilon {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+\varepsilon {{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}}=-K\left[ \frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}\left( \nabla {{p}_{k}}-{{\rho }_{k}}\mathbf{g} \right)+\frac{{{K}_{rj}}}{{{\nu }_{j}}}\left( \nabla {{p}_{j}}-{{\rho }_{j}}\mathbf{g} \right) \right] \qquad \qquad(5)$

A capillary pressure that relates the pressure in phase k to the pressure in phase j is introduced:

${{p}_{c}}={{p}_{j}}-{{p}_{k}} \qquad \qquad(6)$

The capillary pressure is often expressed as the Leverette function (Leverette, 1940). This function relates the capillary pressure to the wetting phase saturation, sw . A phase is said to wet the porous material if the contact angle that phase makes with it is less than $90{}^\circ$ . Therefore, if ${{\theta }_{k}}<90{}^\circ$ , the wetting phase is phase k, sw = sk

if

${{\theta }_{j}}<90{}^\circ$ , then phase j is the wetting phase, sw = sj .

${{p}_{c}}=\sigma \cos \theta {{\left( \frac{\varepsilon }{K} \right)}^{1/2}}\left[ 1.417\left( 1-{{s}_{w}} \right)-2.120{{\left( 1-{{s}_{w}} \right)}^{2}}+1.263{{\left( 1-{{s}_{w}} \right)}^{3}} \right] \qquad \qquad(7)$

This function was developed to describe the capillary pressure in soils engineering; however, its use has been extended to other technology such as fuel cells. The reason for the over usage of the Leverette function is the lack of functions to describe the capillary pressure for other types of porous media. With the definition of the mixture velocity and the capillary pressure, the mixture momentum equation can be rewritten as:

$\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}=-K\left[ \left( \frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}+\frac{{{K}_{rj}}}{{{\nu }_{j}}} \right)\nabla {{p}_{j}}-\frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}\nabla {{p}_{c}}-\left( \frac{{{\rho }_{k}}{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}+\frac{{{\rho }_{j}}{{K}_{rj}}}{{{\nu }_{j}}} \right)\mathbf{g} \right] \qquad \qquad(8)$

Note that the capillary pressure gradient can be reduced into its relative components.

$\nabla {{p}_{c}}=\frac{\partial {{p}_{c}}}{\partial {{s}_{k}}}\nabla {{s}_{k}}+\frac{\partial {{p}_{c}}}{\partial {{\sigma }_{jk}}}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N-1}{\frac{\partial {{\sigma }_{jk}}}{\partial {{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}}\nabla {{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}}+\frac{\partial {{p}_{c}}}{\partial {{\sigma }_{jk}}}\frac{\partial {{\sigma }_{jk}}}{\partial T}\nabla T \qquad \qquad(9)$

Now the mixture kinematic viscosity, $\bar{\nu }$ , and relative mobility, λk , are introduced.

$\bar{\nu }={{\left( \frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}+\frac{{{K}_{rj}}}{{{\nu }_{j}}} \right)}^{-1}} \qquad \qquad(10)$
${{\lambda }_{k}}=\frac{{{K}_{rk}}}{{{\nu }_{k}}}\bar{\nu } \qquad \qquad(11)$

The momentum equation, eq. (8), can be rewritten as:

$\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}=-\frac{K}{{\bar{\nu }}}\left[ \nabla {{p}_{j}}-{{\lambda }_{k}}\nabla {{p}_{c}}-\left( {{\lambda }_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}+{{\lambda }_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}} \right)\mathbf{g} \right] \qquad \qquad(12)$

A definition of the mixture pressure is introduced so that:

$\nabla \bar{p}=\nabla {{p}_{j}}-{{\lambda }_{k}}\nabla {{p}_{c}} \qquad \qquad(13)$

A density correction factor, γρ , is also introduced.

${{\gamma }_{\rho }}=\frac{1}{{\bar{\rho }}}\left( {{\rho }_{k}}{{\lambda }_{k}}+{{\rho }_{j}}{{\lambda }_{j}} \right) \qquad \qquad(14)$

The momentum equation (12) can be written in the form

$\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}=-\frac{K}{{\bar{\nu }}}\left[ \nabla \bar{p}-{{\gamma }_{\rho }}\rho \mathbf{g} \right] \qquad \qquad(15)$

In order to simplify the MMM derivation for the species and energy equations, a diffusive phase-mass flux is introduced. This term is analogous to the diffusion mass flux in multicomponent mixtures, but refers to each phase, rather than each component in a phase. This value relates the actual mass flux of phase k to the mixture mass flux.

${{\mathbf{j}}_{k}}=\varepsilon {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}-{{\lambda }_{k}}\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}} \qquad \qquad(16)$

From this relation, it can be shown that the diffusive phase-mass flux is:

${{\mathbf{j}}_{k}}=-{{\mathbf{j}}_{j}}=\frac{{{\lambda }_{k}}{{\lambda }_{j}}}{{\bar{\nu }}}\left[ K\nabla {{p}_{c}}+\left( {{\rho }_{k}}-{{\rho }_{j}} \right)\mathbf{g} \right] \qquad \qquad(17)$

This relation will be useful, and will be used henceforth. The mixture species equation for species i is obtained by adding the species i equation for phase k and phase j.

\begin{align} & \frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left( \varepsilon {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+\varepsilon {{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right)+\nabla \cdot \left( \varepsilon {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+\varepsilon {{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \\ & =-\nabla \cdot \left\langle {{\mathbf{J}}_{k,i}}+{{\mathbf{J}}_{j,i}} \right\rangle +{{{{\dot{m}}'''}}_{k,i}}+{{{{\dot{m}}'''}}_{j,i}} \\ \end{align} \qquad \qquad(18)

From eq. (18) from Multi-Fluid Model (MFM) $\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\Pi }{{{{{\dot{m}}'''}}_{k,i}}}={{{\dot{m}}'''}_{i}}$, the summation of the species production over all the phases is the species production due to chemical reaction. The mixture mass fraction is:

$\bar{\rho }{{\bar{\omega }}_{i}}={{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \qquad \qquad(19)$

The correction factor for species advection, γi , is introduced.

${{\gamma }_{i}}=\frac{1}{{{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}}}\left( {{\lambda }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{\lambda }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \qquad \qquad(20)$

The mixture species equation is:

\begin{align} & \frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left( \varepsilon \bar{\rho }{{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}} \right)+\nabla \cdot \left( {{\gamma }_{i}}\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}{{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}} \right) \\ & =-\nabla \cdot \left\langle {{\mathbf{J}}_{k,i}}+{{\mathbf{J}}_{j,i}} \right\rangle -\nabla \cdot \left( {{\mathbf{j}}_{k}}\left( {{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}-{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \right)+{{{{\dot{m}}'''}}_{i}} \\ \end{align} \qquad \qquad(21)

It should be noted that eqs. (4), (15), and (21) are also applicable to multiphase and not necessary to two-phase as developed here.

It is important to point out that the mixture species equation still contains the species mass fraction of each phase. Therefore, the species mass fraction in phase k and phase j must be related to the mixture mass fraction through thermodynamic equilibrium. Expanding all the terms in eq. (4.297) yields:

$\left( {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}} \right){{\bar{\omega }}_{i}}={{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \qquad \qquad(22)$

Since there are two phases presented, the phase saturations add to unity. Therefore, the phase saturation of phase k can be calculated by:

${{s}_{k}}=\frac{{{\rho }_{j}}\left( {{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}}-{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right)}{{{\rho }_{k}}\left( {{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}}-{{\left\langle {{\omega }_{k,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}} \right)+{{\rho }_{j}}\left( {{\left\langle {{\omega }_{j,i}} \right\rangle }^{k}}-{{{\bar{\omega }}}_{i}} \right)} \qquad \qquad(23)$

It is important to note that when the saturation of phase k is calculated in this manner, one phase continuity equation is not solved; instead, all N species equations are solved. For more discussion on this approach to the calculation of the phase saturation, refer to the comparison of MFM and MMM models below.

The last transport equation that must be examined is the energy equation. The energy equation of both phases are added together plus an unsteady and heat conduction term represents the influence of the solid matrix on the energy equation.

\begin{align} & \frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left( \left( 1-\varepsilon \right){{\rho }_{sm}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{sm}} \right\rangle }^{sm}}+\varepsilon \left[ {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right] \right)+ \\ & \nabla \cdot \left( \varepsilon \left[ {{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{\mathbf{V}}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right] \right)=-\nabla \cdot \left\langle {{{\mathbf{{q}''}}}_{k,i}}+{{{\mathbf{{q}''}}}_{j,i}}+{{{\mathbf{{q}''}}}_{sm,i}} \right\rangle +{{{{\dot{q}}'''}}_{E}} \\ \end{align} \qquad \qquad(24)

The external heat generation is represented by ${{{\dot{q}}'''}_{E}}$ , and it is the summation of the external heat generation over all of the phases. The mixture enthalpy is

$\bar{\rho }\bar{h}={{s}_{k}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{s}_{j}}{{\rho }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \qquad \qquad(25)$

The correction factor for energy advection, γh , is also introduced:

${{\gamma }_{h}}=\frac{1}{{\bar{h}}}\left( {{\lambda }_{k}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}+{{\lambda }_{j}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \qquad \qquad(26)$

An assumption that corresponds with the mixture enthalpy is that each phase is in thermodynamic equilibrium, ${{\left\langle {{T}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}={{\left\langle {{T}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}}$ . If Fourier’s law governs the heat conduction and effective thermal conductivity can be used, the energy equation can be rewritten using an effective thermal conductivity and the diffusive phase-mass flux as:

\begin{align} & \frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left( \left( 1-\varepsilon \right){{\rho }_{sm}}{{\left\langle {{h}_{sm}} \right\rangle }^{sm}}+\varepsilon \bar{\rho }\bar{h} \right)+\nabla \cdot \left( {{\gamma }_{h}}\bar{\rho }\mathbf{\bar{V}}\bar{h} \right)= \\ & \nabla \cdot \left( {{k}_{eff}}\nabla T \right)-\nabla \cdot \left( {{\mathbf{j}}_{k}}\left( {{\left\langle {{h}_{k}} \right\rangle }^{k}}-{{\left\langle {{h}_{j}} \right\rangle }^{j}} \right) \right)+{{{{\dot{q}}'''}}_{E}} \\ \end{align} \qquad \qquad(27)

where the effective thermal conductivity is related to the phase saturation, porosity, geometry of the porous medium (tortuosity, $\Im$ ) and the conductivity of the porous media and both phases, ${{k}_{eff}}=f\left( {{k}_{sm}},{{k}_{k}},{{k}_{j}},\varepsilon ,{{s}_{k}},\Im \right)$ .

It is important to note that the heat generation and consumption of chemical reactions and latent heat are all embedded in this governing equation.

## References

Leverette, M.C., 1940, “Capillary Behavior in Porous Solids,” Transaction of AIME, Vol. 142, pp. 152-169.

Wang, C.Y. and Cheng, P., 1996, “A Multiphase Mixture Model for Multiphase Multicomponent Transport in Capillary Porous Media Part I: Model Development,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 39, pp. 3607-3618.