# Integral solution of boundary layer equation

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 Revision as of 03:34, 30 March 2010 (view source)← Older edit Current revision as of 01:13, 27 July 2010 (view source) (11 intermediate revisions not shown) Line 1: Line 1: - The [[similarity solution]] provides an exact analytical solution for laminar boundary layer conservation equations; however, there are limitations in terms of geometry and boundary conditions, as well as laminar flow restrictions. + The [[similarity solutions]] provides an exact analytical solution for laminar boundary layer conservation equations; however, there are limitations in terms of geometry and boundary conditions, as well as laminar flow restrictions.Faghri, A., Zhang, Y., and Howell, J. R., 2010, Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer, Global Digital Press, Columbia, MO. The integral method gives approximately closed form solutions, which have much less limitation in terms of their geometry and boundary conditions. It can also be applied to both laminar and turbulent flow situations. The integral method easily provides accurate answers (not exact) for complex problems. The integral method gives approximately closed form solutions, which have much less limitation in terms of their geometry and boundary conditions. It can also be applied to both laminar and turbulent flow situations. The integral method easily provides accurate answers (not exact) for complex problems. - [[Image:Fig4.16.png|thumb|400 px|alt=Momentum and heat transfer over a wedge with an unheated starting length |Figure 1: Momentum and heat transfer over a wedge with an unheated starting length.]] + [[Image:Fig4.16.png|thumb|400 px|alt=Momentum and heat transfer over a wedge with an unheated starting length | Momentum and heat transfer over a wedge with an unheated starting length.]] Using the integral method, one usually integrates the conservative differential boundary layer equation over the boundary layer thickness by assuming a profile for velocity, temperature, and concentration, as needed. The better the approximate shape for the profile, such as velocity and temperature, the better the prediction of drag force and heat transfer (friction coefficient or heat transfer coefficient). Using the integral method, one usually integrates the conservative differential boundary layer equation over the boundary layer thickness by assuming a profile for velocity, temperature, and concentration, as needed. The better the approximate shape for the profile, such as velocity and temperature, the better the prediction of drag force and heat transfer (friction coefficient or heat transfer coefficient). - The integral methodology has been applied to a variety of configurations to solve transport phenomena problems (Schlichting and Gersteu, 2000). To illustrate the integral methodology, it will be applied to flow and heat transfer over a wedge with non-uniform temperature and blowing at the wall. Consider two dimensional laminar steady flow with constant properties over a wedge, as shown in Figure 4.16, with an unheated starting length, x0. + + The integral methodology has been applied to a variety of configurations to solve transport phenomena problems Schlichting, H. and Gersteu, K., 2000, Boundary layer theory, 8th enlarged and revised ed., Springer-Verlag New York. To illustrate the integral methodology, it will be applied to flow and heat transfer over a wedge with non-uniform temperature and blowing at the wall. Consider two dimensional laminar steady flow with constant properties over a wedge, as shown in figure to the right, with an unheated starting length, ''x0''. The governing boundary layer equations for mass, momentum and energy for constant property, steady state, and laminar flow as well as boundary conditions for convective heat transfer over a wedge are presented below: The governing boundary layer equations for mass, momentum and energy for constant property, steady state, and laminar flow as well as boundary conditions for convective heat transfer over a wedge are presented below: + Continuity equation Continuity equation {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 14: Line 16: $\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}=0$ $\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}=0$ - | (4) + | (1) |} |} Line 24: Line 26: $u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}=\nu \frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}+U\frac{dU}{dx}$ $u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}=\nu \frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}+U\frac{dU}{dx}$ - |<4> + | (2) |} |} Energy equation Energy equation Line 32: Line 34: $u\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}=\alpha \frac{\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}}$ $u\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}=\alpha \frac{\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}}$ - | (4) + | (3) |} |} Line 51: Line 53: |} |} - It should be noted that U is known from potential flow theory: + It should be noted that ''U'' is known from potential flow theory: - $-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}=U\frac{dU}{dx}$ +
$-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}=U\frac{dU}{dx} - If U is constant, then + If ''U'' is constant, then {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" |- |- Line 61: Line 63: [itex]\frac{dU}{dx}=0$ $\frac{dU}{dx}=0$ - | (4) + | (5) |} |} - As for the case of flow over a flat plate, If x0 = 0, U = constant and vw = 0, the problem will be similar to the case presented using the similarity solution before. + As for the case of flow over a flat plate, If ''x0'' = 0, ''U'' = constant and ''vw'' = 0, the problem will be similar to the case presented using the similarity solution before. - In integral methods, it is customary to assume a profile for u and obtain v from the continuity eq. (4.151). Let us integrate eq. (4.151) with respect to y from y = 0 to y = δ. + In integral methods, it is customary to assume a profile for ''u'' and obtain ''v'' from the continuity eq. (1). Let us integrate eq. (1) with respect to ''y'' from ''y'' = 0 to ''y'' = ''δ''. - The velocity and temperature field outside δ is uniform. + The velocity and temperature field outside ''δ'' is uniform. {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 73: Line 75: $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}dy+}\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}dy=0}$ $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}dy+}\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}dy=0}$ - |<4> + |(6) |} |} The second term can be easily integrated. The second term can be easily integrated. Line 82: Line 84: $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}dy=\left. v \right|_{y=\delta }-}\left. v \right|_{y=0}=v_{\delta }-v_{w}$ $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}dy=\left. v \right|_{y=\delta }-}\left. v \right|_{y=0}=v_{\delta }-v_{w}$ - |<4> + |(7) |} |} - Combining (4.156) and (4.157) we get: + Combining (6) and (7) we get: {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 91: Line 93: $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}dy=v_{w}-v_{\delta }}$ $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}dy=v_{w}-v_{\delta }}$ - |<4> + |(8) |} |} - Applying Leibnitz’s formula to the left hand side of (4.158) yields: + Applying Leibnitz’s formula to the left hand side of (8) yields: {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 100: Line 102: $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\int_{0}^{\delta }{udy}-u\left( x,\delta \right)\frac{d\delta }{dx}=v_{w}-v_{\delta }$ $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\int_{0}^{\delta }{udy}-u\left( x,\delta \right)\frac{d\delta }{dx}=v_{w}-v_{\delta }$ - |<4> + |(9) |} |} - which can be rearranged to obtain: + whic''Italic text''h can be rearranged to obtain: {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 109: Line 111: $v_{\delta }=v_{w}+U\frac{d\delta }{dx}-\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left( \int_{0}^{\delta }{udy} \right)$ $v_{\delta }=v_{w}+U\frac{d\delta }{dx}-\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left( \int_{0}^{\delta }{udy} \right)$ - |<4> + |(10) |} |} - The momentum equation (4.152) can be rearranged to the following form: + The momentum equation (2) can be rearranged to the following form: {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 118: Line 120: $\frac{\partial u^{2}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial vu}{\partial y}-u\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y} \right)=U\frac{dU}{dx}+\nu \frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}$ $\frac{\partial u^{2}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial vu}{\partial y}-u\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y} \right)=U\frac{dU}{dx}+\nu \frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}$ - |<4> + |(11) |} |} - where term in parenthesis on the left-hand side is zero because of the continuity equation. The integration of eq. (4.161) from y = 0 to y = δ gives: + where term in parenthesis on the left-hand side is zero because of the continuity equation. The integration of eq. (11) from ''y'' = 0 to ''y'' = ''δ'' gives: {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 127: Line 129: $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u^{2}}{\partial x}dy}+\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial vu}{\partial y}dy}=\int_{0}^{\delta }{U\frac{dU}{dx}dy}+\nu \int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}dy}$ $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u^{2}}{\partial x}dy}+\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial vu}{\partial y}dy}=\int_{0}^{\delta }{U\frac{dU}{dx}dy}+\nu \int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}dy}$ - |<4> + |(12) |} |} Upon further integration and simplification, the above equation reduces to Upon further integration and simplification, the above equation reduces to Line 136: Line 138: $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u^{2}}{\partial x}dy}+\left. vu \right|_{\delta }-\left. vu \right|_{0}=\int_{0}^{\delta }{U\frac{dU}{dx}dy}+\nu \left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{\delta }-\nu \left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{0}$ $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u^{2}}{\partial x}dy}+\left. vu \right|_{\delta }-\left. vu \right|_{0}=\int_{0}^{\delta }{U\frac{dU}{dx}dy}+\nu \left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{\delta }-\nu \left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{0}$ - |<4> + |(13) |} |} - Using eq. (4.160) for vδ, the no slip boundary condition at the wall u(0,x) = 0, and assuming no velocity gradient at the outer edge of the boundary layer at y = δ we get: + Using eq. (10) for ''vδ'', the no slip boundary condition at the wall ''u''(0,''x'') = 0, and assuming no velocity gradient at the outer edge of the boundary layer at ''y'' = ''δ'' we get: {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 145: Line 147: $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u^{2}}{\partial x}}dy+Uv_{w}+U^{2}\frac{d\delta }{dx}-U\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left( \int_{0}^{\delta }{udy} \right)=-\frac{\tau _{w}}{\rho }+\int_{0}^{\delta }{U\frac{dU}{dx}dy}$ $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u^{2}}{\partial x}}dy+Uv_{w}+U^{2}\frac{d\delta }{dx}-U\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left( \int_{0}^{\delta }{udy} \right)=-\frac{\tau _{w}}{\rho }+\int_{0}^{\delta }{U\frac{dU}{dx}dy}$ - |<4> + |(14) |} |} where where - $\tau _{w}=\left. \mu \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{0}$ (4.165) + {| class="wikitable" border="0" + |- + | width="100%" |
+ $\tau _{w}=\left. \mu \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{0}$ +
+ | (15) + |} + is the shear stress at the wall. is the shear stress at the wall. + Applying Leibnitz’s rule and rearranging will provide the final form. Applying Leibnitz’s rule and rearranging will provide the final form. - $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ \int_{0}^{\delta }{u\left( u-U \right)dy} \right]+\left( \int_{0}^{\delta }{udy} \right)\frac{dU}{dx}-\int_{0}^{\delta }{U\frac{dU}{dx}dy=-\frac{\tau _{w}+\rho Uv_{w}}{\rho }}$ (4.166) + {| class="wikitable" border="0" - The only dependent unknown variable in the above equation is u since v is eliminated using continuity. U, τw, and vw should be known quantities. + |- - Equation (4.166) can be further rearranged. + | width="100%" |
- $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ U^{2}\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{u}{U}\left( 1-\frac{u}{U} \right)dy} \right]+\left[ \int_{0}^{\delta }{\left( 1-\frac{u}{U} \right)dy} \right]U\frac{dU}{dx}=\frac{\tau _{w}+\rho Uv_{w}}{\rho }$ (4.167) + $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ \int_{0}^{\delta }{u\left( u-U \right)dy} \right]+\left( \int_{0}^{\delta }{udy} \right)\frac{dU}{dx}-\int_{0}^{\delta }{U\frac{dU}{dx}dy=-\frac{\tau _{w}+\rho Uv_{w}}{\rho }}$ +
+ | (16) + |} + + The only dependent unknown variable in the above equation is ''u'' since ''v'' is eliminated using continuity. ''U'', ''τw'', and ''vw'' should be known quantities. + Equation (16) can be further rearranged. + {| class="wikitable" border="0" + |- + | width="100%" |
+ $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ U^{2}\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{u}{U}\left( 1-\frac{u}{U} \right)dy} \right]+\left[ \int_{0}^{\delta }{\left( 1-\frac{u}{U} \right)dy} \right]U\frac{dU}{dx}=\frac{\tau _{w}+\rho Uv_{w}}{\rho }$ +
+ | (17) + |} + It is customary to assume a third order polynomial equation for the velocity profile in order to obtain a reasonable result, It is customary to assume a third order polynomial equation for the velocity profile in order to obtain a reasonable result, - $u=c_{1}+c_{2}y+c_{3}y^{2}+c_{4}y^{3}$ (4.168) + {| class="wikitable" border="0" - where c1, c2, c3, and c4 are constants and can be obtained from boundary conditions for velocity and shear stress at the wall and outer edge. Once the constants are obtained, they are substituted into the momentum integral equation (4.167) and are used to solve for the momentum boundary layer thickness, δ. + |- - Similarly, the energy equation (4.153) can be rearranged into the following form to make the integration process easier: + | width="100%" |
- $\frac{\partial uT}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial vT}{\partial y}-T\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right)=\alpha \frac{\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}}$ (4.169) + $u=c_{1}+c_{2}y+c_{3}y^{2}+c_{4}y^{3}_{{}}$ - Let’s integrate the above equation from y = 0 to y = δT, knowing that the term in parenthesis on the left hand side is zero because of the continuity equation. +
- $\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{\frac{\partial uT}{\partial x}dy+\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{\frac{\partial vT}{\partial y}dy}}=\alpha \int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{\frac{\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}}}dy$ (4.170) + | (18) - Using integration and the continuity equation to obtain vδ, eq. (4.160), and assuming there is no temperature gradient at the outer edge of the thermal boundary layer, we get the following equation: + |} + + where c1, c2, c3, and c4 are constants and can be obtained from boundary conditions for velocity and shear stress at the wall and outer edge. Once the constants are obtained, they are substituted into the momentum integral equation (17) and are used to solve for the momentum boundary layer thickness, ''δ''. + Similarly, the energy equation (3) can be rearranged into the following form to make the integration process easier: + {| class="wikitable" border="0" + |- + | width="100%" |
+ $\frac{\partial uT}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial vT}{\partial y}-T\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right)=\alpha \frac{\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}}$ +
+ | (19) + |} + + Let’s integrate the above equation from ''y'' = 0 to ''y'' = ''δT'', knowing that the term in parenthesis on the left hand side is zero because of the continuity equation. + {| class="wikitable" border="0" + |- + | width="100%" |
+ $\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{\frac{\partial uT}{\partial x}dy+\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{\frac{\partial vT}{\partial y}dy}}=\alpha \int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{\frac{\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}}}dy$ +
+ | (20) + |} + + Using integration and the continuity equation to obtain ''vδ'', eq. (10), and assuming there is no temperature gradient at the outer edge of the thermal boundary layer, we get the following equation: {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 169: Line 214: $\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left( uT \right)dy-T_{\infty }\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{udy+T_{\infty }v_{w}}}-v_{w}T_{w}+T_{\infty }u_{\delta _{T}}\frac{d\delta _{T}}{dx}=\left. \frac{-k}{\rho c_{p}}\frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}$ $\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left( uT \right)dy-T_{\infty }\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{udy+T_{\infty }v_{w}}}-v_{w}T_{w}+T_{\infty }u_{\delta _{T}}\frac{d\delta _{T}}{dx}=\left. \frac{-k}{\rho c_{p}}\frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}$ - |<4> + |(21) |} |} Using Leibnitz’s rule and rearranging gives: Using Leibnitz’s rule and rearranging gives: Line 178: Line 223: $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ \int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{u\left( T-T_{\infty } \right)dy} \right]+\left( \int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{udy} \right)\frac{dT_{\infty }}{dx}=\frac{{q}''_{w}}{\rho c_{p}}+v_{w}\left( T_{w}-T_{\infty } \right)$ $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ \int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{u\left( T-T_{\infty } \right)dy} \right]+\left( \int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{udy} \right)\frac{dT_{\infty }}{dx}=\frac{{q}''_{w}}{\rho c_{p}}+v_{w}\left( T_{w}-T_{\infty } \right)$ - |<4> + |(22) |} |} - Once again, the integral form of the energy equation is in terms of the unknown temperature, assuming the velocity profile is known. Similar to the momentum integral equation, a temperature profile should be assumed and substituted into the integral energy equation (4.172) to obtain δT. To illustrate the procedure, we use the above approximation to solve the classic problem of flow and heat transfer over a flat plate when U = U∞ = constant, with no blowing or suction at the wall, and with constant wall and flow stream temperature. The momentum and energy integral equations (4.167) and (4.172) reduce to the following forms using the above assumptions: + Once again, the integral form of the energy equation is in terms of the unknown temperature, assuming the velocity profile is known. Similar to the momentum integral equation, a temperature profile should be assumed and substituted into the integral energy equation (22) to obtain ''δT''. To illustrate the procedure, we use the above approximation to solve the classic problem of flow and heat transfer over a flat plate when ''U'' = ''U'' = constant, with no blowing or suction at the wall, and with constant wall and flow stream temperature. The momentum and energy integral equations (17) and (22) reduce to the following forms using the above assumptions: - $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ U^{2}\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{u}{U}\left( 1-\frac{u}{U} \right)dy} \right]=\frac{\tau _{w}}{\rho }$ (4.173) + {| class="wikitable" border="0" - $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ \int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{u\left( T-T_{\infty } \right)dy} \right]=\frac{{q}''_{w}}{\rho c_{p}}$ (4.174) + |- + | width="100%" |
+ $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ U^{2}\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{u}{U}\left( 1-\frac{u}{U} \right)dy} \right]=\frac{\tau _{w}}{\rho }$ +
+ | (23) + |} + + {| class="wikitable" border="0" + |- + | width="100%" |
+ $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ \int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{u\left( T-T_{\infty } \right)dy} \right]=\frac{{q}''_{w}}{\rho c_{p}}$ +
+ | (24) + |} + Let’s assume a polynomial velocity profile is a third degree polynomial function with the following boundary conditions. Let’s assume a polynomial velocity profile is a third degree polynomial function with the following boundary conditions. - $u\left( 0 \right)=0$ (4.175) + {| class="wikitable" border="0" - $u\left( \delta \right)=U$ (4.176) + |- - $\left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{y=\delta }=0$ (4.177) + | width="100%" |
- + $u\left( 0 \right)=0$ +
+ | (25) + |} + + {| class="wikitable" border="0" + |- + | width="100%" |
+ $u\left( \delta \right)=U$ +
+ | (26) + |} + + {| class="wikitable" border="0" + |- + | width="100%" |
+ $\left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{y=\delta }=0$ +
+ | (27) + |} {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" |- |- Line 193: Line 271: $\left. \frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}} \right|_{y=\delta }=0$ $\left. \frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}} \right|_{y=\delta }=0$ - |<4> + |(28) |} |} - It is assumed that shear stress at the boundary layer edge is zero, which is a good approximation for this configuration. Equation (4.178) is obtained by using eq. (4.177) and applying the x-direction momentum equation at the boundary layer edge. Upon applying eqs. (4.175) – (4.178) in eq. (4.168), one obtains four equations containing four unknowns (c1, c2, c3, and c4). The final velocity profile is + It is assumed that shear stress at the boundary layer edge is zero, which is a good approximation for this configuration. Equation (28) is obtained by using eq. (27) and applying the x-direction momentum equation at the boundary layer edge. Upon applying eqs. (25) – (28) in eq. (18), one obtains four equations containing four unknowns (c1, c2, c3, and c4). The final velocity profile is {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 202: Line 280: $\frac{u}{U}=\frac{3}{2}\left( \frac{y}{\delta } \right)-\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{y}{\delta } \right)^{3},\text{ }y\le \delta$ $\frac{u}{U}=\frac{3}{2}\left( \frac{y}{\delta } \right)-\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{y}{\delta } \right)^{3},\text{ }y\le \delta$ - |<4> + |(29) |} |} - Shear stress at the wall, τw, is calculated using eq. (4.179) + Shear stress at the wall, τw, is calculated using eq. (29) {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 211: Line 289: $\tau _{w}=\mu \left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}=\frac{3\mu U}{2\delta }$ $\tau _{w}=\mu \left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}=\frac{3\mu U}{2\delta }$ - |<4> + |(30) |} |} - Substituting eqs. (4.179) and (4.180) into eq. (4.173), and performing the integration we get + Substituting eqs. (29) and (30) into eq. (23), and performing the integration we get {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 220: Line 298: $\frac{d}{dx}\left( \frac{39U^{2}\delta }{280} \right)=\frac{3\nu U}{2\delta }$ $\frac{d}{dx}\left( \frac{39U^{2}\delta }{280} \right)=\frac{3\nu U}{2\delta }$ - |<4> + |(31) |} |} - Integrating the above equation and assuming δ = 0 at x = 0, we get + Integrating the above equation and assuming ''δ'' = 0 at ''x'' = 0, we get {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 229: Line 307: $\delta =\left( \frac{280\nu x}{13U} \right)^{1/2}$ $\delta =\left( \frac{280\nu x}{13U} \right)^{1/2}$ - |<4> + |(32) |} |} or or Line 238: Line 316: $\frac{\delta }{x}=\frac{4.64}{\operatorname{Re}_{x}^{1/2}}$ $\frac{\delta }{x}=\frac{4.64}{\operatorname{Re}_{x}^{1/2}}$ - |<4> + |(33) |} |} The friction coefficient is found as before The friction coefficient is found as before Line 247: Line 325: $c_{f}=\frac{\tau _{\omega }}{\rho \frac{U_{\infty }^{2}}{2}}=\frac{\mu \left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}}{\rho \frac{U_{\infty }^{2}}{2}}$ $c_{f}=\frac{\tau _{\omega }}{\rho \frac{U_{\infty }^{2}}{2}}=\frac{\mu \left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}}{\rho \frac{U_{\infty }^{2}}{2}}$ - |<4> + |(34) |} |} - or using eqs. (4.180) and (4.182) + or using eqs. (30) and (32) {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 256: Line 334: $\frac{c_{f}}{2}=\frac{0.323}{\operatorname{Re}_{x}^{1/2}}$ $\frac{c_{f}}{2}=\frac{0.323}{\operatorname{Re}_{x}^{1/2}}$ - |<4> + |(35) |} |} - The predictions of the momentum boundary layer thickness and friction coefficient, cf, by the integral method are 7% and 3% lower than the exact solution obtained using the similarity method, respectively. Using the same general third order polynomial equation for a temperature profile with the following boundary conditions: + The predictions of the momentum boundary layer thickness and friction coefficient, ''cf'', by the integral method are 7% and 3% lower than the exact solution obtained using the similarity method, respectively. Using the same general third order polynomial equation for a temperature profile with the following boundary conditions: {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 265: Line 343: $T\left( 0 \right)=T_{w}=\text{constant}$ $T\left( 0 \right)=T_{w}=\text{constant}$ - |<4> + |(36) |} |} Line 273: Line 351: $T\left( \delta _{T} \right)=T_{\infty }=\text{constant}$ $T\left( \delta _{T} \right)=T_{\infty }=\text{constant}$ - |<4> + |(37) |} |} Line 281: Line 359: $\left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right|_{y=\delta _{T}}=0$ $\left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right|_{y=\delta _{T}}=0$ - |<4> + |(38) |} |} Line 289: Line 367: $\left. \frac{\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}} \right|_{y=0}=0$ $\left. \frac{\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}} \right|_{y=0}=0$ - |<4> + |(39) |} |} the temperature profile can be obtained as: the temperature profile can be obtained as: Line 298: Line 376: $\frac{T-T_{\infty }}{T_{w}-T_{\infty }}=1-\frac{3}{2}\frac{y}{\delta _{T}}+\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{y}{\delta _{T}} \right)^{3},\text{ }y\le \delta _{T}$ $\frac{T-T_{\infty }}{T_{w}-T_{\infty }}=1-\frac{3}{2}\frac{y}{\delta _{T}}+\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{y}{\delta _{T}} \right)^{3},\text{ }y\le \delta _{T}$ - |<4> + |(40) |} |} and the heat flux at the wall is and the heat flux at the wall is Line 307: Line 385: ${q}''_{w}=-k\left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{k}{\delta _{T}}\left( T_{w}-T_{\infty } \right)$ ${q}''_{w}=-k\left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{k}{\delta _{T}}\left( T_{w}-T_{\infty } \right)$ - |<4> + |(41) |} |} - Substitution of eqs. (4.189), (4.190) and (4.191) into eq. (4.174), and approximate integration for + Substitution of eqs. (39), (40) and (41) into eq. (24), and approximate integration for $\delta _{T}/\delta <1$ yields: - $\delta _{T}/\delta <1$ + - yields: + - + {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" |- |- Line 322: Line 397: \end{align}[/itex] \end{align}[/itex] - |<4> + |(42) |} |} Upon further simplification we get Upon further simplification we get Line 328: Line 403: {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" |- |- - | width="100%" |
+ | wi''Italic text''dth="100%" |
$\frac{d}{dx}\left[ \frac{\delta _{T}^{2}}{\delta }\left( 1-\frac{\delta _{T}^{2}}{14\delta ^{2}} \right) \right]=\frac{10\nu }{\Pr U}\frac{1}{\delta _{T}}$ $\frac{d}{dx}\left[ \frac{\delta _{T}^{2}}{\delta }\left( 1-\frac{\delta _{T}^{2}}{14\delta ^{2}} \right) \right]=\frac{10\nu }{\Pr U}\frac{1}{\delta _{T}}$
- |<4> + |(43) |} |} - The only unknown in the above equation is δT since δ is known. + The only unknown in the above equation is ''δT'' since ''δ'' is known. - Assuming + Assuming $\varsigma =\delta _{T}/\delta$, eq. (43) becomes - $\varsigma =\delta _{T}/\delta$ + - , eq. (4.193) becomes + {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 343: Line 416: $\frac{d}{dx}\left[ \varsigma ^{2}\delta \left( 1-\frac{\varsigma ^{2}}{14} \right) \right]=\frac{10}{\Pr }\frac{\nu }{U_{\infty }}\frac{1}{\varsigma \delta }$ $\frac{d}{dx}\left[ \varsigma ^{2}\delta \left( 1-\frac{\varsigma ^{2}}{14} \right) \right]=\frac{10}{\Pr }\frac{\nu }{U_{\infty }}\frac{1}{\varsigma \delta }$ - |<4> + |(44) |} |} - where term $\varsigma ^{2}/14$ can be neglected since it is much less than 1. The solution of eq. (4.194) for ζ = 0 at x = x0 yields + where term $\varsigma ^{2}/14$ can be neglected since it is much less than 1. The solution of eq. (44) for ''ζ'' = 0 at ''x'' = ''x0'' yields {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 352: Line 425: $\varsigma =\frac{\Pr ^{-1/3}}{1.026}\left[ 1-\left( \frac{x_{0}}{x} \right)^{3/4} \right]^{1/3}$ $\varsigma =\frac{\Pr ^{-1/3}}{1.026}\left[ 1-\left( \frac{x_{0}}{x} \right)^{3/4} \right]^{1/3}$ - |<4> + |(45) |} |} - The local heat transfer coefficient can now be calculated since δT is known. + The local heat transfer coefficient can now be calculated since ''δT'' is known. {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" Line 361: Line 434: $h_{x}=\frac{{q}''_{w}}{T_{w}-T_{\infty }}=\frac{-k\left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}}{T_{w}-T_{\infty }}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{k}{\delta _{T}}$ $h_{x}=\frac{{q}''_{w}}{T_{w}-T_{\infty }}=\frac{-k\left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}}{T_{w}-T_{\infty }}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{k}{\delta _{T}}$ - |<4> + |(46) |} |} or or Line 370: Line 443: $h_{x}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{k}{\varsigma \delta _{T}}$ $h_{x}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{k}{\varsigma \delta _{T}}$ - |<4> + |(47) |} |} - Using ζ from eq. (4.195) and δ from eq. (4.69) to calculate the local Nusselt number, + Using ''ζ'' from eq. (45) and δ from $\frac{\delta }{x}=\frac{5}{\sqrt{{{\operatorname{Re}}_{x}}}}$ to calculate the local Nusselt number, $\text{Nu}_{x}=\frac{h_{x}x}{k}$ - $\text{Nu}_{x}=\frac{h_{x}x}{k}$ + Line 381: Line 453: $\text{Nu}_{x}=\frac{0.332\Pr ^{1/3}\operatorname{Re}_{x}^{1/2}}{\left[ 1-\left( \frac{x_{0}}{x} \right)^{3/4} \right]^{1/3}}$ $\text{Nu}_{x}=\frac{0.332\Pr ^{1/3}\operatorname{Re}_{x}^{1/2}}{\left[ 1-\left( \frac{x_{0}}{x} \right)^{3/4} \right]^{1/3}}$ - |<4> + |(48) |} |} - The above equation without unheated starting length (x0 = 0) reduces to the exact solution obtained by the similarity solution. + The above equation without unheated starting length (''x0'' = 0) reduces to the exact solution obtained by the similarity solution. - + {| class="wikitable" border="0" {| class="wikitable" border="0" |- |- Line 390: Line 462: $\text{Nu}_{x}=0.332\Pr ^{1/3}\operatorname{Re}_{x}^{1/2}$ $\text{Nu}_{x}=0.332\Pr ^{1/3}\operatorname{Re}_{x}^{1/2}$ - |<4> + |(49) |} |} + + ==References== + {{Reflist}}

## Current revision as of 01:13, 27 July 2010

The similarity solutions provides an exact analytical solution for laminar boundary layer conservation equations; however, there are limitations in terms of geometry and boundary conditions, as well as laminar flow restrictions.[1] The integral method gives approximately closed form solutions, which have much less limitation in terms of their geometry and boundary conditions. It can also be applied to both laminar and turbulent flow situations. The integral method easily provides accurate answers (not exact) for complex problems.

Momentum and heat transfer over a wedge with an unheated starting length.

Using the integral method, one usually integrates the conservative differential boundary layer equation over the boundary layer thickness by assuming a profile for velocity, temperature, and concentration, as needed. The better the approximate shape for the profile, such as velocity and temperature, the better the prediction of drag force and heat transfer (friction coefficient or heat transfer coefficient).

The integral methodology has been applied to a variety of configurations to solve transport phenomena problems [2]. To illustrate the integral methodology, it will be applied to flow and heat transfer over a wedge with non-uniform temperature and blowing at the wall. Consider two dimensional laminar steady flow with constant properties over a wedge, as shown in figure to the right, with an unheated starting length, x0.

The governing boundary layer equations for mass, momentum and energy for constant property, steady state, and laminar flow as well as boundary conditions for convective heat transfer over a wedge are presented below:

Continuity equation

 $\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}=0$ (1)

Momentum equation

 $u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}=\nu \frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}+U\frac{dU}{dx}$ (2)

Energy equation

 $u\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}=\alpha \frac{\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}}$ (3)

Boundary conditions

 \begin{align} & u\left( 0,x \right)=0 \\ & v\left( 0,x \right)=v_{w} \\ & u\left( \delta ,x \right)=U\left( x \right) \\ & T\left( \infty ,x \right)=T_{\infty } \\ & T\left( 0,x \right)=T_{\infty }\quad \text{for}\ xx_{0} \\ \end{align} (4)

It should be noted that U is known from potential flow theory:

$-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}=U\frac{dU}{dx}$

If U is constant, then

 $\frac{dU}{dx}=0$ (5)

As for the case of flow over a flat plate, If x0 = 0, U = constant and vw = 0, the problem will be similar to the case presented using the similarity solution before. In integral methods, it is customary to assume a profile for u and obtain v from the continuity eq. (1). Let us integrate eq. (1) with respect to y from y = 0 to y = δ. The velocity and temperature field outside δ is uniform.

 $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}dy+}\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}dy=0}$ (6)

The second term can be easily integrated.

 $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}dy=\left. v \right|_{y=\delta }-}\left. v \right|_{y=0}=v_{\delta }-v_{w}$ (7)

Combining (6) and (7) we get:

 $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}dy=v_{w}-v_{\delta }}$ (8)

Applying Leibnitz’s formula to the left hand side of (8) yields:

 $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\int_{0}^{\delta }{udy}-u\left( x,\delta \right)\frac{d\delta }{dx}=v_{w}-v_{\delta }$ (9)

whicItalic texth can be rearranged to obtain:

 $v_{\delta }=v_{w}+U\frac{d\delta }{dx}-\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left( \int_{0}^{\delta }{udy} \right)$ (10)

The momentum equation (2) can be rearranged to the following form:

 $\frac{\partial u^{2}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial vu}{\partial y}-u\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y} \right)=U\frac{dU}{dx}+\nu \frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}$ (11)

where term in parenthesis on the left-hand side is zero because of the continuity equation. The integration of eq. (11) from y = 0 to y = δ gives:

 $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u^{2}}{\partial x}dy}+\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial vu}{\partial y}dy}=\int_{0}^{\delta }{U\frac{dU}{dx}dy}+\nu \int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}dy}$ (12)

Upon further integration and simplification, the above equation reduces to

 $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u^{2}}{\partial x}dy}+\left. vu \right|_{\delta }-\left. vu \right|_{0}=\int_{0}^{\delta }{U\frac{dU}{dx}dy}+\nu \left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{\delta }-\nu \left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{0}$ (13)

Using eq. (10) for vδ, the no slip boundary condition at the wall u(0,x) = 0, and assuming no velocity gradient at the outer edge of the boundary layer at y = δ we get:

 $\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{\partial u^{2}}{\partial x}}dy+Uv_{w}+U^{2}\frac{d\delta }{dx}-U\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left( \int_{0}^{\delta }{udy} \right)=-\frac{\tau _{w}}{\rho }+\int_{0}^{\delta }{U\frac{dU}{dx}dy}$ (14)

where

 $\tau _{w}=\left. \mu \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{0}$ (15)

is the shear stress at the wall.

Applying Leibnitz’s rule and rearranging will provide the final form.

 $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ \int_{0}^{\delta }{u\left( u-U \right)dy} \right]+\left( \int_{0}^{\delta }{udy} \right)\frac{dU}{dx}-\int_{0}^{\delta }{U\frac{dU}{dx}dy=-\frac{\tau _{w}+\rho Uv_{w}}{\rho }}$ (16)

The only dependent unknown variable in the above equation is u since v is eliminated using continuity. U, τw, and vw should be known quantities. Equation (16) can be further rearranged.

 $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ U^{2}\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{u}{U}\left( 1-\frac{u}{U} \right)dy} \right]+\left[ \int_{0}^{\delta }{\left( 1-\frac{u}{U} \right)dy} \right]U\frac{dU}{dx}=\frac{\tau _{w}+\rho Uv_{w}}{\rho }$ (17)

It is customary to assume a third order polynomial equation for the velocity profile in order to obtain a reasonable result,

 $u=c_{1}+c_{2}y+c_{3}y^{2}+c_{4}y^{3}_{{}}$ (18)

where c1, c2, c3, and c4 are constants and can be obtained from boundary conditions for velocity and shear stress at the wall and outer edge. Once the constants are obtained, they are substituted into the momentum integral equation (17) and are used to solve for the momentum boundary layer thickness, δ. Similarly, the energy equation (3) can be rearranged into the following form to make the integration process easier:

 $\frac{\partial uT}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial vT}{\partial y}-T\left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right)=\alpha \frac{\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}}$ (19)

Let’s integrate the above equation from y = 0 to y = δT, knowing that the term in parenthesis on the left hand side is zero because of the continuity equation.

 $\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{\frac{\partial uT}{\partial x}dy+\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{\frac{\partial vT}{\partial y}dy}}=\alpha \int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{\frac{\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}}}dy$ (20)

Using integration and the continuity equation to obtain vδ, eq. (10), and assuming there is no temperature gradient at the outer edge of the thermal boundary layer, we get the following equation:

 $\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left( uT \right)dy-T_{\infty }\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{udy+T_{\infty }v_{w}}}-v_{w}T_{w}+T_{\infty }u_{\delta _{T}}\frac{d\delta _{T}}{dx}=\left. \frac{-k}{\rho c_{p}}\frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}$ (21)

Using Leibnitz’s rule and rearranging gives:

 $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ \int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{u\left( T-T_{\infty } \right)dy} \right]+\left( \int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{udy} \right)\frac{dT_{\infty }}{dx}=\frac{{q}''_{w}}{\rho c_{p}}+v_{w}\left( T_{w}-T_{\infty } \right)$ (22)

Once again, the integral form of the energy equation is in terms of the unknown temperature, assuming the velocity profile is known. Similar to the momentum integral equation, a temperature profile should be assumed and substituted into the integral energy equation (22) to obtain δT. To illustrate the procedure, we use the above approximation to solve the classic problem of flow and heat transfer over a flat plate when U = U = constant, with no blowing or suction at the wall, and with constant wall and flow stream temperature. The momentum and energy integral equations (17) and (22) reduce to the following forms using the above assumptions:

 $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ U^{2}\int_{0}^{\delta }{\frac{u}{U}\left( 1-\frac{u}{U} \right)dy} \right]=\frac{\tau _{w}}{\rho }$ (23)
 $\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ \int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{u\left( T-T_{\infty } \right)dy} \right]=\frac{{q}''_{w}}{\rho c_{p}}$ (24)

Let’s assume a polynomial velocity profile is a third degree polynomial function with the following boundary conditions.

 $u\left( 0 \right)=0$ (25)
 $u\left( \delta \right)=U$ (26)
 $\left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{y=\delta }=0$ (27)
 $\left. \frac{\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}} \right|_{y=\delta }=0$ (28)

It is assumed that shear stress at the boundary layer edge is zero, which is a good approximation for this configuration. Equation (28) is obtained by using eq. (27) and applying the x-direction momentum equation at the boundary layer edge. Upon applying eqs. (25) – (28) in eq. (18), one obtains four equations containing four unknowns (c1, c2, c3, and c4). The final velocity profile is

 $\frac{u}{U}=\frac{3}{2}\left( \frac{y}{\delta } \right)-\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{y}{\delta } \right)^{3},\text{ }y\le \delta$ (29)

Shear stress at the wall, τw, is calculated using eq. (29)

 $\tau _{w}=\mu \left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}=\frac{3\mu U}{2\delta }$ (30)

Substituting eqs. (29) and (30) into eq. (23), and performing the integration we get

 $\frac{d}{dx}\left( \frac{39U^{2}\delta }{280} \right)=\frac{3\nu U}{2\delta }$ (31)

Integrating the above equation and assuming δ = 0 at x = 0, we get

 $\delta =\left( \frac{280\nu x}{13U} \right)^{1/2}$ (32)

or

 $\frac{\delta }{x}=\frac{4.64}{\operatorname{Re}_{x}^{1/2}}$ (33)

The friction coefficient is found as before

 $c_{f}=\frac{\tau _{\omega }}{\rho \frac{U_{\infty }^{2}}{2}}=\frac{\mu \left. \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}}{\rho \frac{U_{\infty }^{2}}{2}}$ (34)

or using eqs. (30) and (32)

 $\frac{c_{f}}{2}=\frac{0.323}{\operatorname{Re}_{x}^{1/2}}$ (35)

The predictions of the momentum boundary layer thickness and friction coefficient, cf, by the integral method are 7% and 3% lower than the exact solution obtained using the similarity method, respectively. Using the same general third order polynomial equation for a temperature profile with the following boundary conditions:

 $T\left( 0 \right)=T_{w}=\text{constant}$ (36)
 $T\left( \delta _{T} \right)=T_{\infty }=\text{constant}$ (37)
 $\left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right|_{y=\delta _{T}}=0$ (38)
 $\left. \frac{\partial ^{2}T}{\partial y^{2}} \right|_{y=0}=0$ (39)

the temperature profile can be obtained as:

 $\frac{T-T_{\infty }}{T_{w}-T_{\infty }}=1-\frac{3}{2}\frac{y}{\delta _{T}}+\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{y}{\delta _{T}} \right)^{3},\text{ }y\le \delta _{T}$ (40)

and the heat flux at the wall is

 ${q}''_{w}=-k\left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{k}{\delta _{T}}\left( T_{w}-T_{\infty } \right)$ (41)

Substitution of eqs. (39), (40) and (41) into eq. (24), and approximate integration for δT / δ < 1 yields:

 \begin{align} & \frac{\partial }{\partial x}\int_{0}^{\delta _{T}}{u\left( T-T_{\infty } \right)}\text{ }dy=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ U_{\infty }\left( T_{w}-T_{\infty } \right)\delta _{T}\int_{0}^{1}{\frac{u}{U_{\infty }}\left( \frac{T-T_{\infty }}{T_{w}-T_{\infty }} \right)d\left( \frac{y}{\delta _{T}} \right)} \right] \\ & \text{ }=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left[ \frac{3}{20}\frac{\delta _{T}^{2}}{\delta }\left( 1-\frac{\delta _{T}^{2}}{14\delta ^{2}} \right)U\left( T_{w}-T_{\infty } \right) \right] \\ & \text{ }=\frac{{q}''_{w}}{\rho c_{p}}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{\alpha }{\delta _{T}}\left( T_{w}-T_{\infty } \right) \\ \end{align} (42)

Upon further simplification we get

 $\frac{d}{dx}\left[ \frac{\delta _{T}^{2}}{\delta }\left( 1-\frac{\delta _{T}^{2}}{14\delta ^{2}} \right) \right]=\frac{10\nu }{\Pr U}\frac{1}{\delta _{T}}$ (43)

The only unknown in the above equation is δT since δ is known. Assuming $\varsigma =\delta _{T}/\delta$, eq. (43) becomes

 $\frac{d}{dx}\left[ \varsigma ^{2}\delta \left( 1-\frac{\varsigma ^{2}}{14} \right) \right]=\frac{10}{\Pr }\frac{\nu }{U_{\infty }}\frac{1}{\varsigma \delta }$ (44)

where term $\varsigma ^{2}/14$ can be neglected since it is much less than 1. The solution of eq. (44) for ζ = 0 at x = x0 yields

 $\varsigma =\frac{\Pr ^{-1/3}}{1.026}\left[ 1-\left( \frac{x_{0}}{x} \right)^{3/4} \right]^{1/3}$ (45)

The local heat transfer coefficient can now be calculated since δT is known.

 $h_{x}=\frac{{q}''_{w}}{T_{w}-T_{\infty }}=\frac{-k\left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial y} \right|_{y=0}}{T_{w}-T_{\infty }}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{k}{\delta _{T}}$ (46)

or

 $h_{x}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{k}{\varsigma \delta _{T}}$ (47)

Using ζ from eq. (45) and δ from $\frac{\delta }{x}=\frac{5}{\sqrt{{{\operatorname{Re}}_{x}}}}$ to calculate the local Nusselt number, $\text{Nu}_{x}=\frac{h_{x}x}{k}$

 $\text{Nu}_{x}=\frac{0.332\Pr ^{1/3}\operatorname{Re}_{x}^{1/2}}{\left[ 1-\left( \frac{x_{0}}{x} \right)^{3/4} \right]^{1/3}}$ (48)

The above equation without unheated starting length (x0 = 0) reduces to the exact solution obtained by the similarity solution.

 $\text{Nu}_{x}=0.332\Pr ^{1/3}\operatorname{Re}_{x}^{1/2}$ (49)

## References

1. Faghri, A., Zhang, Y., and Howell, J. R., 2010, Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer, Global Digital Press, Columbia, MO.
2. Schlichting, H. and Gersteu, K., 2000, Boundary layer theory, 8th enlarged and revised ed., Springer-Verlag New York