# Entropy equation

(Difference between revisions)
 Revision as of 00:51, 10 November 2009 (view source)← Older edit Current revision as of 09:50, 27 June 2010 (view source) (4 intermediate revisions not shown) Line 1: Line 1: - To obtain the differential form of the second law of thermodynamics, the surface integrals in eq. (2.35) can be rewritten as volume integrals: + The [[integral entropy equation]] is + +
$\begin{array}{l} + \frac{d}{{dt}}\int_V {\rho sdV + \int_A {\rho ({{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot {\mathbf{n}})sdA} } \\ + + \int_A {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}} \cdot {\mathbf{n}}}}{T}dA} - \int_V {\frac{{q'''}}{T}} dV = \int_V {{{\dot s'''}_{gen}}} dV \ge 0 \\ + \end{array}$
+ + To obtain the differential form of the second law of thermodynamics, the surface integrals in the above equation can be rewritten as volume integrals: -
$\qquad \qquad(1)$
(2.109) +
$\int_A {\rho ({{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot {\mathbf{n}})sdA} = \int_V {\nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s)dV} \qquad \qquad(1)$
-
$\qquad \qquad(2)$
(2.110) +
$\int_A {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T} \cdot {\mathbf{n}}dA} = \int_V {\nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right)dV} \qquad \qquad(2)$
- Substituting eqs. (1) and (2) into eq. (2.35) and considering eq. (2.48) yields + Substituting eqs. (1) and (2) into the integral entropy equation and considering $\frac{d}{{dt}}\int_V {\rho \phi } dV = \int_V {\frac{{\partial (\rho \phi )}}{{\partial t}}} dV$ yields -
$\qquad \qquad(3)$
(2.111) +
$\int_V {\left[ {\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\left( {\rho s} \right) + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s) + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T}} \right]dV} = \int_V {{{\dot s'''}_{gen}}dV} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(3)$
In order for eq. (3) to be true for any arbitrary control volume, the integrand in eq. (3) should always be positive, i.e., In order for eq. (3) to be true for any arbitrary control volume, the integrand in eq. (3) should always be positive, i.e., -
$\qquad \qquad(4)$
(2.112) +
$\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\left( {\rho s} \right) + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s) + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T} = {\dot s'''_{gen}} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(4)$
Equation (4) can be rewritten as Equation (4) can be rewritten as -
$\qquad \qquad(5)$
(2.113) +
$s\left[ {\frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}})} \right] + \rho \left[ {\frac{{\partial s}}{{\partial t}} + {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot \nabla s} \right] + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T} = {\dot s'''_{gen}} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(5)$
- Considering the continuity equation, eq. (2.51), and definition of the substantial derivative, eq. (2.53), eq. (5) can be reduced to + Considering the continuity equation, $\frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot \rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} = 0$, and definition of the substantial derivative, $\frac{D}{{Dt}} \equiv \frac{\partial }{{\partial t}} + {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot \nabla$ , eq. (5) can be reduced to -
$\qquad \qquad(6)$
(6) +
$\rho \frac{{Ds}}{{Dt}} + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T} = {\dot s'''_{gen}} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(6)$
where the three terms on the left-hand side represent rate of change of entropy per unit volume, rate of change of entropy per unit volume by heat transfer and internal heat generation, respectively. Equation (6) means that the entropy generation per unit volume must not be negative at any time or location. where the three terms on the left-hand side represent rate of change of entropy per unit volume, rate of change of entropy per unit volume by heat transfer and internal heat generation, respectively. Equation (6) means that the entropy generation per unit volume must not be negative at any time or location. - For a multicomponent system without internal heat generation (), [[#References|Curtiss and Bird (1999; 2001)]] obtained the entropy flux vector and the entropy generation as + For a multicomponent system without internal heat generation ($q''' = 0$), [[#References|Curtiss and Bird (1999; 2001)]] obtained the entropy flux vector and the entropy generation as -
$\qquad \qquad(7)$
(2.115) +
${\mathbf{s''}} = \frac{1}{T}\left( {{\mathbf{q''}} - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{h_i}{{\mathbf{J}}_i}} } \right) \qquad \qquad(7)$
-
$\qquad \qquad(8)$
(2.116) +
$T{\dot s'''_{gen}} = - \left( {{\mathbf{q''}} - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{h_i}{{\mathbf{J}}_i}} } \right) \cdot \nabla \ln T - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\left( {{{\mathbf{J}}_i} \cdot \frac{{c{R_u}T}}{{{\rho _i}}}{{\mathbf{d}}_i}} \right)} - {\mathbf{\tau }}:\nabla {\mathbf{V}} - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\frac{{{{\bar g}_i}}}{{{M_i}}}{{\dot m'''}_i}} \qquad \qquad(8)$
- where ${d_i}$ is the diffusional driving force [see eq. (2) – (6)],   is partial molar Gibbs free energy,   is total heat flux, obtained by eq. (2.95), including conduction, interdiffusional convection, and Dufour effect. + where ${d_i}$ is the diffusional driving force [see eq. (2) – (6)], ${\bar g_i}$ is partial molar Gibbs free energy, ${\mathbf{q''}}$ is total heat flux, obtained by (see [[Introduction to Heat Transfer]]) +
${\mathbf{q''}} = - k\nabla T + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{h_i}{{\mathbf{J}}_i}} + c{R_u}T\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\frac{{{x_i}{x_j}}}{{{\rho _i}}}\frac{{D_i^T}}{{{{D}_{ij}}}}} \left( {\frac{{{{\mathbf{J}}_i}}}{{{\rho _i}}} - \frac{{{{\mathbf{J}}_j}}}{{{\rho _j}}}} \right)$
+ + which includes conduction, interdiffusional convection, and Dufour effect. ==References== ==References== + + Curtiss, C.F., and Bird, R.B., 1999, “Multicomponent Diffusion,” ''Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research'', Vol. 38, pp. 2115-2522. + + Curtiss, C.F., and Bird, R.B., 2001, “Errata,” ''Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research'', Vol. 40, p. 1791. + + Faghri, A., and Zhang, Y., 2006, ''Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems'', Elsevier, Burlington, MA + + Faghri, A., Zhang, Y., and Howell, J. R., 2010, ''Advanced  Heat and Mass Transfer'', Global Digital Press, Columbia, MO. ==Further Reading== ==Further Reading== ==External Links== ==External Links==

## Current revision as of 09:50, 27 June 2010

$\begin{array}{l} \frac{d}{{dt}}\int_V {\rho sdV + \int_A {\rho ({{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot {\mathbf{n}})sdA} } \\ + \int_A {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}} \cdot {\mathbf{n}}}}{T}dA} - \int_V {\frac{{q'''}}{T}} dV = \int_V {{{\dot s'''}_{gen}}} dV \ge 0 \\ \end{array}$

To obtain the differential form of the second law of thermodynamics, the surface integrals in the above equation can be rewritten as volume integrals:

$\int_A {\rho ({{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot {\mathbf{n}})sdA} = \int_V {\nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s)dV} \qquad \qquad(1)$
$\int_A {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T} \cdot {\mathbf{n}}dA} = \int_V {\nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right)dV} \qquad \qquad(2)$

Substituting eqs. (1) and (2) into the integral entropy equation and considering $\frac{d}{{dt}}\int_V {\rho \phi } dV = \int_V {\frac{{\partial (\rho \phi )}}{{\partial t}}} dV$ yields

$\int_V {\left[ {\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\left( {\rho s} \right) + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s) + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T}} \right]dV} = \int_V {{{\dot s'''}_{gen}}dV} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(3)$

In order for eq. (3) to be true for any arbitrary control volume, the integrand in eq. (3) should always be positive, i.e.,

$\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\left( {\rho s} \right) + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s) + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T} = {\dot s'''_{gen}} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(4)$

Equation (4) can be rewritten as

$s\left[ {\frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}})} \right] + \rho \left[ {\frac{{\partial s}}{{\partial t}} + {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot \nabla s} \right] + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T} = {\dot s'''_{gen}} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(5)$

Considering the continuity equation, $\frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot \rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} = 0$, and definition of the substantial derivative, $\frac{D}{{Dt}} \equiv \frac{\partial }{{\partial t}} + {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot \nabla$ , eq. (5) can be reduced to

$\rho \frac{{Ds}}{{Dt}} + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T} = {\dot s'''_{gen}} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(6)$

where the three terms on the left-hand side represent rate of change of entropy per unit volume, rate of change of entropy per unit volume by heat transfer and internal heat generation, respectively. Equation (6) means that the entropy generation per unit volume must not be negative at any time or location.

For a multicomponent system without internal heat generation (q''' = 0), Curtiss and Bird (1999; 2001) obtained the entropy flux vector and the entropy generation as

${\mathbf{s''}} = \frac{1}{T}\left( {{\mathbf{q''}} - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{h_i}{{\mathbf{J}}_i}} } \right) \qquad \qquad(7)$
$T{\dot s'''_{gen}} = - \left( {{\mathbf{q''}} - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{h_i}{{\mathbf{J}}_i}} } \right) \cdot \nabla \ln T - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\left( {{{\mathbf{J}}_i} \cdot \frac{{c{R_u}T}}{{{\rho _i}}}{{\mathbf{d}}_i}} \right)} - {\mathbf{\tau }}:\nabla {\mathbf{V}} - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\frac{{{{\bar g}_i}}}{{{M_i}}}{{\dot m'''}_i}} \qquad \qquad(8)$

where di is the diffusional driving force [see eq. (2) – (6)], ${\bar g_i}$ is partial molar Gibbs free energy, ${\mathbf{q''}}$ is total heat flux, obtained by (see Introduction to Heat Transfer)

${\mathbf{q''}} = - k\nabla T + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{h_i}{{\mathbf{J}}_i}} + c{R_u}T\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\frac{{{x_i}{x_j}}}{{{\rho _i}}}\frac{{D_i^T}}{{{{D}_{ij}}}}} \left( {\frac{{{{\mathbf{J}}_i}}}{{{\rho _i}}} - \frac{{{{\mathbf{J}}_j}}}{{{\rho _j}}}} \right)$

which includes conduction, interdiffusional convection, and Dufour effect.

## References

Curtiss, C.F., and Bird, R.B., 1999, “Multicomponent Diffusion,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 38, pp. 2115-2522.

Curtiss, C.F., and Bird, R.B., 2001, “Errata,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 40, p. 1791.

Faghri, A., and Zhang, Y., 2006, Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems, Elsevier, Burlington, MA

Faghri, A., Zhang, Y., and Howell, J. R., 2010, Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer, Global Digital Press, Columbia, MO.