Entropy equation
From Thermal-FluidsPedia
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\end{array}</math> from [[Integral entropy equation]] can be rewritten as volume integrals: | \end{array}</math> from [[Integral entropy equation]] can be rewritten as volume integrals: | ||
- | <center><math>\int_A {\rho ({{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot {\mathbf{n}})sdA} = \int_V {\nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s)dV} \qquad \qquad(1) </math></center> | + | <center><math>\int_A {\rho ({{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot {\mathbf{n}})sdA} = \int_V {\nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s)dV} \qquad \qquad(1) </math></center> |
- | <center><math>\int_A {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T} \cdot {\mathbf{n}}dA} = \int_V {\nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right)dV} \qquad \qquad(2) </math></center> | + | <center><math>\int_A {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T} \cdot {\mathbf{n}}dA} = \int_V {\nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right)dV} \qquad \qquad(2) </math></center> |
Substituting eqs. (1) and (2) into eq. <math>\begin{array}{l} | Substituting eqs. (1) and (2) into eq. <math>\begin{array}{l} | ||
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\end{array}</math> and considering eq. <math>\frac{d}{{dt}}\int_V {\rho \phi } dV = \int_V {\frac{{\partial (\rho \phi )}}{{\partial t}}} dV</math> from [[Continuity equation]] yields | \end{array}</math> and considering eq. <math>\frac{d}{{dt}}\int_V {\rho \phi } dV = \int_V {\frac{{\partial (\rho \phi )}}{{\partial t}}} dV</math> from [[Continuity equation]] yields | ||
- | <center><math>\int_V {\left[ {\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\left( {\rho s} \right) + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s) + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T}} \right]dV} = \int_V {{{\dot s'''}_{gen}}dV} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(3) </math></center> | + | <center><math>\int_V {\left[ {\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\left( {\rho s} \right) + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s) + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T}} \right]dV} = \int_V {{{\dot s'''}_{gen}}dV} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(3) </math></center> |
In order for eq. (3) to be true for any arbitrary control volume, the integrand in eq. (3) should always be positive, i.e., | In order for eq. (3) to be true for any arbitrary control volume, the integrand in eq. (3) should always be positive, i.e., | ||
- | <center><math>\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\left( {\rho s} \right) + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s) + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T} = {\dot s'''_{gen}} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(4) </math></center> | + | <center><math>\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\left( {\rho s} \right) + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s) + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T} = {\dot s'''_{gen}} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(4) </math></center> |
Equation (4) can be rewritten as | Equation (4) can be rewritten as | ||
- | <center><math>s\left[ {\frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}})} \right] + \rho \left[ {\frac{{\partial s}}{{\partial t}} + {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot \nabla s} \right] + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T} = {\dot s'''_{gen}} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(5) </math></center> | + | <center><math>s\left[ {\frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}})} \right] + \rho \left[ {\frac{{\partial s}}{{\partial t}} + {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot \nabla s} \right] + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T} = {\dot s'''_{gen}} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(5) </math></center> |
Considering the continuity equation, eq. <math>\frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot \rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} = 0</math> from [[Conservation of mass species equation]], and definition of the substantial derivative, eq. <math>\frac{D}{{Dt}} \equiv \frac{\partial }{{\partial t}} + {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot \nabla</math> from [[Conservation of mass species equation]], eq. (5) can be reduced to | Considering the continuity equation, eq. <math>\frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot \rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} = 0</math> from [[Conservation of mass species equation]], and definition of the substantial derivative, eq. <math>\frac{D}{{Dt}} \equiv \frac{\partial }{{\partial t}} + {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot \nabla</math> from [[Conservation of mass species equation]], eq. (5) can be reduced to | ||
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For a multicomponent system without internal heat generation (<math>q''' = 0</math>), [[#References|Curtiss and Bird (1999; 2001)]] obtained the entropy flux vector and the entropy generation as | For a multicomponent system without internal heat generation (<math>q''' = 0</math>), [[#References|Curtiss and Bird (1999; 2001)]] obtained the entropy flux vector and the entropy generation as | ||
- | <center><math>{\mathbf{s''}} = \frac{1}{T}\left( {{\mathbf{q''}} - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{h_i}{{\mathbf{J}}_i}} } \right) \qquad \qquad(7) </math></center> | + | <center><math>{\mathbf{s''}} = \frac{1}{T}\left( {{\mathbf{q''}} - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{h_i}{{\mathbf{J}}_i}} } \right) \qquad \qquad(7) </math></center> |
- | <center><math>T{\dot s'''_{gen}} = - \left( {{\mathbf{q''}} - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{h_i}{{\mathbf{J}}_i}} } \right) \cdot \nabla \ln T - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\left( {{{\mathbf{J}}_i} \cdot \frac{{c{R_u}T}}{{{\rho _i}}}{{\mathbf{d}}_i}} \right)} - {\mathbf{\tau }}:\nabla {\mathbf{V}} - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\frac{{{{\bar g}_i}}}{{{M_i}}}{{\dot m'''}_i}} \qquad \qquad(8) </math></center> | + | <center><math>T{\dot s'''_{gen}} = - \left( {{\mathbf{q''}} - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{h_i}{{\mathbf{J}}_i}} } \right) \cdot \nabla \ln T - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\left( {{{\mathbf{J}}_i} \cdot \frac{{c{R_u}T}}{{{\rho _i}}}{{\mathbf{d}}_i}} \right)} - {\mathbf{\tau }}:\nabla {\mathbf{V}} - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\frac{{{{\bar g}_i}}}{{{M_i}}}{{\dot m'''}_i}} \qquad \qquad(8) </math></center> |
where <math>{d_i}</math> is the diffusional driving force [see eq. (2) – (6)], <math>{\bar g_i}</math> is partial molar Gibbs free energy, <math>{\mathbf{q''}}</math> is total heat flux, obtained by eq. <math>{\mathbf{q''}} = - k\nabla T + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{h_i}{{\mathbf{J}}_i}} + c{R_u}T\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\frac{{{x_i}{x_j}}}{{{\rho _i}}}\frac{{D_i^T}}{{{{D}_{ij}}}}} \left( {\frac{{{{\mathbf{J}}_i}}}{{{\rho _i}}} - \frac{{{{\mathbf{J}}_j}}}{{{\rho _j}}}} \right)</math> from [[Energy equation]], including conduction, interdiffusional convection, and Dufour effect. | where <math>{d_i}</math> is the diffusional driving force [see eq. (2) – (6)], <math>{\bar g_i}</math> is partial molar Gibbs free energy, <math>{\mathbf{q''}}</math> is total heat flux, obtained by eq. <math>{\mathbf{q''}} = - k\nabla T + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{h_i}{{\mathbf{J}}_i}} + c{R_u}T\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\frac{{{x_i}{x_j}}}{{{\rho _i}}}\frac{{D_i^T}}{{{{D}_{ij}}}}} \left( {\frac{{{{\mathbf{J}}_i}}}{{{\rho _i}}} - \frac{{{{\mathbf{J}}_j}}}{{{\rho _j}}}} \right)</math> from [[Energy equation]], including conduction, interdiffusional convection, and Dufour effect. |
Revision as of 02:01, 19 November 2009
To obtain the differential form of the second law of thermodynamics, the surface integrals in eq. from Integral entropy equation can be rewritten as volume integrals:


Substituting eqs. (1) and (2) into eq. and considering eq.
from Continuity equation yields
![\int_V {\left[ {\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\left( {\rho s} \right) + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}}s) + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T}} \right]dV} = \int_V {{{\dot s'''}_{gen}}dV} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(3)](/encyclopedia/images/math/3/3/7/3377c258afe490cde7b1572aed24ee42.png)
In order for eq. (3) to be true for any arbitrary control volume, the integrand in eq. (3) should always be positive, i.e.,

Equation (4) can be rewritten as
![s\left[ {\frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot (\rho {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}})} \right] + \rho \left[ {\frac{{\partial s}}{{\partial t}} + {{\mathbf{V}}_{rel}} \cdot \nabla s} \right] + \nabla \cdot \left( {\frac{{{\mathbf{q''}}}}{T}} \right) - \frac{{q'''}}{T} = {\dot s'''_{gen}} \ge 0 \qquad \qquad(5)](/encyclopedia/images/math/8/9/d/89d1fe3e22958ca892041f6f6593523c.png)
Considering the continuity equation, eq. from Conservation of mass species equation, and definition of the substantial derivative, eq.
from Conservation of mass species equation, eq. (5) can be reduced to

where the three terms on the left-hand side represent rate of change of entropy per unit volume, rate of change of entropy per unit volume by heat transfer and internal heat generation, respectively. Equation (6) means that the entropy generation per unit volume must not be negative at any time or location.
For a multicomponent system without internal heat generation (q''' = 0), Curtiss and Bird (1999; 2001) obtained the entropy flux vector and the entropy generation as


where di is the diffusional driving force [see eq. (2) – (6)], is partial molar Gibbs free energy,
is total heat flux, obtained by eq.
from Energy equation, including conduction, interdiffusional convection, and Dufour effect.
References
Curtiss, C.F., and Bird, R.B., 1999, “Multicomponent Diffusion,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 38, pp. 2115-2522.
Curtiss, C.F., and Bird, R.B., 2001, “Errata,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 40, p. 1791.